A Contrastive Study on Kinesics between Chinese and Americans from the Perspective of Cultural Relativity 文化相对论视角下中美身势语对比研究开题报告

 2022-12-31 13:01:32

1. 研究目的与意义

近年来，中美两国人民交流的日益频繁，跨文化交际已经成为人们交际活动的重要组成部分。

人们有言语交际和非言语交际这两种交际方式。

人们长期以来注重言语交际，忽视非言语交际。

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2. 文献综述

Definition of Body Language Such behaviors as eye contract, facial expressions, body movement, gestures of hands and legs are usually termed as body language. In other words, body language is the study of body movement and activities in human communication.. It is often called body language based on the function of each movement. Body language usually falls into five categories: emblems, illustrators, regulators, affect displays and adaptors. Emblems are body language cues that have direct verbal counterparts. Other things being equal, emblems can directly substitute for words and have precise verbal indications. As for illustrators, we realize that illustrative gestures serve to complement spoken words. In addition, illustrators play an important role in describing and reinforcing what is said verbally. When we wave directions to someone, we are illustrating the verbal messages with a gesture, using perhaps the index finger to emphasize the direction. However, their use varies across different contexts as well. In the case of regulators, they are nonverbal messages used to influence or control others behaviors. For example, as a listener of a speech, we may frequently use head nodding or eye contract to monitor what the speaker addresses.Also regulators such as eye contact and silence can indicate turn taking. For example: snapping your fingers to coincide with a musical beat, or the gesture stops, thus regulating. With regard to affect displays, they are bodily and facial expressions which convey our feelings and emotions, such as smiling, laughing and crying. Finally, adaptors refer to body movements that usually occur when we are in anxious situations. In the process of communication, adaptors frequently appear unconscious, as we tend to develop adaptors early in our life and remain rather unaware of them. All these gestures and movements provide and transmit, intentionally or unintentionally, information and messages in communication.At home Body Language StudiesChinese researchers have made a lot of contribution to body language. Chinese study on body language originated in the 1970s and prospered in the 1980s. Geng Erling introduce the typical works of body language in 1988, Language and Culture Liu Runqing and Deng Yanchangswork Language and Culture, Practical Body Language edited by Fan Yunhua and Li Jie qun (1991), Language and Culture: Introduction to, Intercultural Communication by Jia Yu Xin (1997), Bi Jiwan introduce the Intercultural Nonverbal Communication in 1999, and Hu Wenzhong written and translated some intercultural communication. named as Introduction to Intercultural Communication in 1999, etc.Most of all, Chinese researchersinvestigation on body language can be divided into two division: one is cultural differences, the other is communicative functions. Some researchers of the previous division concentrate on the consequence of using body language in our communicating with others, that is to say, how to make the communication easy by using the body language. Some other scholars especially teachers, pay more attention to how to make their class more effective and interesting by using certain body languages, or teachersawareness of their non-verbal behaviors in the classroom help them become more proficient at receiving students messages as well as sending accurate messages: Scholars, who make the study of the cultural difference of body languages. Based on overseas scholars researches, researchers in China have put more particular and convincing examples together originated from Chinese culture. Previous research shows that body language accompanies code switching in nonverbal behavior and vice versa. Such gesture bilingualism is also reported Efron introduced such gesture bilingualism in 1972, and Wolfgang did it in 1979, whichshows that speaking a language with proper body actions is important.Based on above mention, we can get a conclusion that cultural differences of bodylanguage, as barriers to intercultural communication, more and more scholars are paying more attention to it. However, in the past years people have made much effort on it, there is no report on the degree about how the English learners grasp the English body language, or how much English body language can they interpret correctly when they communicate with the English native speakers, through what kind of ways they can the knowledge about English body language and if they can make the bilingual body language transformation when they make the verbal language code switching.Overseas Body Language StudiesBody language originated as far as the Hellenic period ( 400-600 B.C. ) of ancient Greece. The famous philosopher Aristotle first made an analysis on humans actions by which human s expressed their ideas and wishes. Researchers in these areas such as anthropology, sociology, psychology, philosophy, psychiatry, , linguistics, and they have done a lot of in some process of nonverbal behavior studies. The scientific study of body language is primarily a post-world War II activity. Probably the beginning of the study, as we know it today, is to be found in analysis of one of the most influential pre-twentieth century works of Darwins The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals in 1872. Darwins work launched the modern study of facial expressions. It wasnt until Charles Darwins published book that biological scientists began to look at the underlying feelings and emotions of the individual as they respond verbally and nonverbally to a stimulus.The study of nonverbal communication primarily began after World War II. In the last half of the nineteenth century, Delsarte made his early attempts to identify forms of bodily expressions. One of the most influential pre-twentieth century works was Darwins Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. In 1872.This work spawned the modern study of facial expression. And most his observations and ideas have been validated by other researchers.In the first half of the twentieth century, the study of nonverbal communication still remained unsystematic. There were only studies of dress, facial expression, voice and appearance. The three extraordinary influential works in the study of nonverbal behaviors are Kretschmers Physique and Character in 1925, Sheldons The Variations of Human Physique in 1940, and Efrons Gesture and Environment in 1941.The efforts on nonverbal research occurred in the 1950s. Knapp and Hall indicated These anthropologists were responsible for taking some of the principles of linguistic and applying them to nonverbal phenomena, providing new labels for the study of body movements ( Kinesics ). A lot of books on body language have in the area of sociology and anthropology, The definition kinesics introduced by Birdwhistel in his book named Introduction to Kinesics in 1952. A lot of books on body language have appeared in the area of sociology and anthropology, such as American scholars Ray L. Birdwhistell and Julius The relationship between body language and communication. was initiated by Birdwhistell in his Introduction to Kinesics in 1952. It refers to the scientific study of the body language, and its aim is to form and cod humans action and body behaviors in order to study systematically the relationship between nonverbal body movements and communication. Edward T. Hall published his first and foundational book of a new discipline of intercultural communication named The Silent Language in USA in 1959. The Silent Language, which is taken as the first and foundational book of a new Ever since the 1960s, a lot of study on body researches help us know more and understand the complexities around nonverbal actions. Language, which is considered as the first and foundational book of a new discipline on intercultural communication. Birdwhistell Introduction to Kinesics in 1952 and Halls Silent Language in 1959 were milestones of this time. Then from 1960s to 1970s, with the quick development of intercultural studies, many books in this field were published, such as A Selected Reader by David Hoopes, Intercultural Communication: A Reader by Larry Samovar Richard Porter and An Introduction to Intercultural Communication by John Condon. It was a time of summarizing and synthesizing in the 1970s. Body Language introduced by American anthropologist in 1970 discussed the communicative meanings and functions of body language completely. The researchers named as Ray Birdwhistell in the early 1970s showed that more and more human communication appeared by the use of gestures and postures than by any of means. No matter whatever culture, words and movements took place together predicting that Ray Birdwhistell told us how to know what kind of language the people are talking about, just by the use of watching his gestures. In the 1980s more and more people paid more attention to recognizing the various ways body actions worked so that they can achieve common communicative aims. That is to say, they tried to put effort on the communication. The excellent general model of body language, referring to the use of the face and hands, set by Ekman was to increase understanding of the individual, his feelings, mood, character and attitudes, and to increase understanding of any given interpersonal interaction, the nature of the relationship, the status of quality of communication, what impressions are formed, and what is revealed about interpersonal style of skill. It shows that nonverbal behaviors often influence the demeanors of the communicators.The research on body language has become a large part of the system of intercultural communication because it plays an important roles in communication and its cultural variations.

3. 设计方案和技术路线

对中美日常交际中的手势，姿势，面部表情，眼神接触进行对比。

文中列举了大量的例子,并对其进行分析。

在描述中美身势语差异的同时，将其与中美文化的对比研究相结合,主要从集体主义个人主义，高低语境文化，高低接触文化，权力距离角度解释差异的原因。

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4. 工作计划

结合前期的语料搜集和对有关文献的阅读，对研究的语料和研究的内容和方法进行进一步的明确，对论文的提纲进行进一步讨论，确立研究的基本内容目录。

5. 难点与创新点

从集体主义个人主义，高低语境文化，高低接触文化，权力距离角度分析中美身势语中不同现象。

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