1. 研究目的与意义
1.1研究背景：
1.1.1新烟碱类农药的作用与危害
新烟碱类农药是以植物源农药烟碱为模型开发改进的一类性能优良的杀虫剂[1],它的作用机制主要是通过选择性控制昆虫神经系统烟碱型乙酰胆碱酯酶受体，阻断昆虫中暑神经系统的正常传导，从而导致害虫出现麻痹进而死亡的。由于该类杀虫剂具有独特的作用机制，与常规杀虫剂没有交互抗性，其不仅具有高效、广谱及良好的根部内吸性、触杀和胃毒作用，而且对哺乳动物毒性低，新烟碱类农药正在逐步取代许多现有的常规杀虫剂。自80年代末被发现以来，新烟碱类杀虫剂已成为世界上使用最广泛的一类杀虫剂，其大规模应用范围从植物保护(农作物、蔬菜、水果)、兽医产品、杀菌剂到鱼类养殖中的无脊椎动物病虫害防治。它们已在世界各地广泛使用，在2014年覆盖了全球25%的杀虫剂市场[2]。
2. 研究内容与预期目标
2.1研究主要内容
（1）通过比较固相萃取、液相萃取（包括不同萃取剂、盐析条件等）的萃取效率，分析水中新烟碱类农药测定采用双水相萃取方法的可行性；
3. 研究方法与步骤
拟采用的研究方法、步骤：
（1）通过比较不同萃取方式，如固相萃取、液相萃取等对水中新烟碱类农药的萃取效率，探究采用双水相萃取的可行性。
（2）通过对比不同萃取剂对水中新烟碱类农药回收率的影响，确定最佳萃取剂及其用量。
4. 参考文献
| [1] 季书,程浩淼,丁伟,等.新烟碱类农药在环境系统中污染现状的研究进展[J].山东化工,2020,49(03):64-66 88. [2]Bass C, Denholm I, Williamson M S, et al. The global status of insect resistanceto neonicotinoid insecticides [J]. Pestic Biochem Physiol, 2015, 121: 78–87. [3]Jimenez J, Llorent E J, Ortega P, et al. Analysis of neonicotinoid pesticidesin the agri-food sector: a critical assessment of the state of the art [J]. ApplSpectrosc Rev, 2020, 55(8): 613-646. [4]Karmakar R, Singh S, Kulshrestha G. Kinetics and mechanism of the hydrolysisof thiamethoxam, Journal of environmental science and health [J]. J EnvironSci Health B, 2009, 44: 435-441. [5]Zheng W, Liu W. Kinetics and mechanism of the hydrolysis of imidacloprid [J].Pestic Sci, 1999,55: 482-485. [6]Hussain S, Hartley C J, Shettigar M, et al. Bacterial biodegradation ofneonicotinoid pesticides in soil and water systems [J]. Fems Microbiol Lett, 2016,363. [7]Ruiz M A, Soler G M I, Llorent E J. Enhanced quenching effect ofneonicotinoid pesticides on time-resolved terbium luminescence in presence ofsurfactants [J]. J Chem, 2018, 6. [8]Liu Y. Advances in the application of solid phase extraction in food pretreatment[J]. Chin Food Saf Magaz, 2019, 28: 68–69. [9] 郭婕,张燕,胡振国,等.环境水样中农药污染分析技术研究进展[J].岩矿测试,2021,40(01):16-32. [10] 王霞,张小刚,丰东升,等.农产品中新烟碱类农药前处理和检测技术研究进展[J].食品安全质量检测学报,2020,11(08):2462-2468. [11] Zhang X F, Teng G X, Zhang J. Ethanol/saltaqueous two-phase system based ultrasonically assisted extraction of polysaccharidesfrom Lilium davidiivar. unicolor Salisb: Physicochemical characterization andantiglycation properties [J]. J Mol Liq, 2018, 256:497-506. [12] Fan Y, Lu Y M, Yu B, et al. Extraction andpurification of capsaicin from capsicum oleoresin using an aqueous two-phase systemcombined with chromatography [J]. J Chromatogr B, 2017, 1063: 11-17. [13] 姚以亮.离子液体/聚合物/小分子有机溶剂双水相体系的构建及其分离富集抗生素的机理研究[D].西安:长安大学,2016:1-5. [14] 黄庆,欧晓明,欧阳承虎,等.新烟碱类农药在环境介质中的残留检测方法研究概况[J].世界农药,2013,35(02):37-42 45. [15] Milena R, Simona R, Anna G S, et al. Determinationof thiamethoxam residues in honeybees by high performance hiquidchromatography with an electrochemical detector and post-column photochemicalreactor [J]. J Chromatogr A, 2006, 1123(1): 60-65. [16] Rancan M, Sabatini A G, Achilli G, et al.Determination of imidacloprid and metabolites by Hiquid chromatography withan electrocbemical detector and post column photochemical reactor [D]. AnalChim Acta, 2006, 555(1): 60-65. [17] Sasaki K, Nakamura Y, Ninomiyat, et al. Applicationof the bulletin method for mpid analysis of pesticide residues on theanalysis of 10 pesticides otified in 1997 [J]. J Food Hyg Soc Jpn, 1998, 39:448-452. [18] Tokieda M, Ozawa M, Kobayashi s, et al. Methodto determination of total residues of the insecticide acetamiprid and is metabolitesin crops by gas chromatography [J]. J Pestic Sci, 1997, 22(1): 78-83. [19] Navalon A, Gonzalez C A, Khattab R, et al. Determinationof imidacloprid in vegetable samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [J].Analyst, 1997, 122: 579-581. [20] Wang Y Z, Meng X Z, Luo Y. Determination of organophosphorouspesticides in surface water by SPE -GC/MS/MS [J]. Environ Sci Tecnol, 2016,39(8): 94-98. [21] 钟晓琴,陈佳.液相色谱质谱联用技术在果蔬农药残留检测中的应用[J].食品安全导刊,2020(30):115 118. [22] Tisler T, Jemec A, Mozetic B, et al. Hazardidentification of imidacloprid to aquatic environment [J]. Chemosphere, 2009,76(7): 907-914. [23] Yamamoto A, Terao T, Hisatomi H, et al.Evaluation of river pollution of neonicotinoids in Osaka City (Japan) by LC/MSwith dopant-assisted photoionization [J]. J Environ Monitor, 2012, 14(8):2189-2194. [24] Ensminger M P, Budd R, Kelley K C, et al.Pesticide ccurrence and aquatic benchmark exceedances in urban urface watersand sediments in three urban areas of alifornia, USA, 2008-2011 [J]. EnvironMonit Assess, 2013, 185(5): 3697-3710. [25] Sultana T, Murray C, Kleyweget S, et al.Neonicotinoid pesticides in drinking water in agricultural regions ofsouthern Ontario, Canada [J]. Chemosphere, 2018, 202: 506-513. [26] Wan Y J, Yao W, Wei X, et al. Neonicotinoidsin raw, finished, and tap water from Wuhan, Central China:Assessment of humanexposure potential [J]. Sci Total Environ, 2019, 675: 513-519. [27] Xu M J, Huang H T, Li N, et al. Occurrence andecological risk of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs) andpesticides in typical surface watersheds, China [J]. Ecotox Environ Safe, 2019,175: 289-298. [28] Zhang C, Tian D, Yi X H, et al. Occurrence,distribution and seasonal variation of five neonicotinoid insecticides insurface water and sediment of the Pearl Rivers, South China [J]. Chemosphere,2019, 217: 437-446. [29] Xiong J J, Wang Z, Ma X, et al. Occurrence andrisk of neonicotinoid insecticides in surface water in a rapidly developingregion: Application of polar organic chemical integrative samplers [J]. SciTotal Environ, 2019, 648: 1305-1312. |
5. 工作计划
1. 2022.01.10-03.08：查阅和研究文献资料，完成英文翻译。
2. 2022.03.09-03.27：撰写开题报告，制定实验方案。
3. 2022.03.28-05.10：展开实验，每周汇报实验进展。
以上是毕业论文开题报告，课题毕业论文、任务书、外文翻译、程序设计、图纸设计等资料可联系客服协助查找。
