陌生化视角下英语新闻标题的修辞研究A Study on the Rhetoric Devices of English News Headlines from the Perspective of Defamiliarization开题报告

 2023-01-06 16:11:17

1. 研究目的与意义

摘要：Defamiliarization is an important aesthetic concept proposed by Russian formalist school, suggesting that the purpose of literary language is to stop habitualism and create the feeling of alienation. Rhetoric device is served as means to make those things people take for granted become unfamiliar to them. This paper studied phonological rhetoric, semantic rhetoric and syntactical rhetoric of English news headlines from the perspective of defamiliarization through the analysis of examples. This paper also tries to figure out how does the employment of rhetoric devices in news headlines reach the effect of defamiliarization. The employment of rhetoric devices in news headlines changes the expression form of news headlines and makes readers interested in the form of news titles. The content of news headline is closely related to the form of it, so readers will notice the content of news headline conveys when they notice the form of it and the effect of defamiliariztion is also reached at the same time.意义：With the fast development of Internet and mobile industry, people are more and more easy to get access to the newest events happening around the world and people are swept by news once get online. News headlines use rhetoric devices a lot because journalists want the information caught by readers at the first sight and raise their interest at the same time. This paper provides a new perspective on how do news headlines able to affect peoples feeling and make them notice things that they are tend to ignore in daily life. The employment of rhetoric devices in news headlines gives readers a feeling of defamiliarization. The new perspective of defamiliarization gives readers a deeper understanding of the tricks of news headlines and restore the fact.

2. 文献综述

2.1 Previous Studies on Defamiliarization The literary theory of defamiliarization was first advanced by Russian formalist Viktor Shklovsky in his essay Art as Device. Shklovsky argued:Art exists that one may recover the sensation of life; it exists to make one feel things, to make the stone stony. The Purpose of art is to make objects unfamiliar, to make forms difficult, to increase the difficulty and length of perception because the process of perception is an aesthetic end in itself and must be prolonged. (Shklovsky, 1917)Actually, the concept of defamiliarization, not the exact words, was first put forward by Aristotle in his work Rhetoric. Defamiliarization is realized by creating a new art form of language to describe things we take for granted so that we can perceive the existence of them.2.1.1 Previous Studies on Defamiliarization in ChinaPrevious studies on defamiliarization in China mainly focused on the introduction of defamiliarization theory, the application of the theory in art and literature study.Some Chinese scholars studied Viktor Shklovskys defamiliarization theory in his former period and later period and introduced it to Chinese. They thought that defamiliarization can not be studied alone for its former period, its later period should also be taken into consideration. For example, Yang Yan (2012) stated the historical period when defamiliarization theory emerged and its later development. She thought that scholars should not only focus on Viktor Shklovskys former period studies when they talk about defamiliarization, but view it from the whole study process of the author. Yang Xiangrong (2009) emphasized that the term defamiliarization comes from Viktor Shklovskys early works, but he reinterpreted the term in his later years. Only if we explore the continuities and changes in his thoughts, will we be able to develop a reasonable critique Russian formalism as well as the term itself.Beside of the theoretical studies, some Chinese scholars applied the theory to art. They believe that defamiliarization theory relates to aesthetic appreciation. They analyzed the relationship between defamiliarization and art. Feng Yuyun (2004) discussed aesthetic value of defamiliarization of formalism. He believed that art itself is defamiliarization. The biggest difference between traditional and modern opinion on art is that art is a way of cognition for those traditional minds, while art is a way of perceiving things around us for those modern minds. Wei Xiangyang (2011) discussed basic content of defamiliarization theory and the aesthetic effect of defamiliarization and he believed that thorough comprehension of them is fundamental to innovation of art.In addition, some Chinese scholars analyzed literature with defamiliarization theory. Yang Fan (2003) revealed the logical connotation and philosophy lies in defamiliarization and he proved that Russian formalism which is based on defamiliarization theory is different from traditional formalism because it is not focused on the outer form of things but the aesthetic appreciation of them. Yang Jiangang (2012) studied variation of defamiliarization theory. A lot of academic theories in 20th century made reference from Viktor Shklovskys defamiliarization theory. He thought that defamiliarization will keep its value as long as theres difference between art and real life because it helps people break automatic cognition pattern.Defamiliarization is also applied to the study of English news titles by Liu Jiangjing (2014). She focused on the rhetoric device of anti-authority in news headlines from the perspective of defamiliarization. She analyzed how does the rhetoric device of anti-authority in news headlines catch the effect of defamiliarization by giving a lot of examples. But her study mainly focused on the rhetoric of anti-authority, which is a study more inclined to journalism rather than rhetoric devices. 2.1.2 Previous Studies on Defamiliarization AbroadThe concept of defamiliarization was first advanced by Viktor Shklovsky in his essay Art as Device. Defamiliarization theory was applied by David S. Miall, Don Kuiken , R. Le Huenen, S. Archaimbault to literature. David S. Miall and Don Kuiken (1994) held that defamiliarization helps readers to avoid automatic perception when reading because it evokes feelings of readers and prolongs reading time. His research was based on four separate studies. R. Le Huenen (2006) introduced the emergence of Russian formalism and formalists struggle for establishing a new science of literature. The development of the conception defamiliarization was also mentioned in the research. S. Archaimbault (2006) emphasized Viktor Shklovskys contribution to the identification of defamiliarization, distaciation, or estrangement, ostranenie among writers.Defamiliarization theory was also applied to the field of fashion by Ian W. King and Jonathan Vickery (2013). They studied fashion in terms of experience, language and knowledge with the art methodology of defamiliarization. The study tries to deautomize peoples perception towards clothing.However, few scholars applied defamiliarization theory to the study of English news titles. It is necessary to do the study on news headlines from the perspective of defamiliarization because it provide readers a new perspective to read news and make them more interested in it.2.1.3 Summary Based on the previous studies of defamiliarization at home and aboard, defamiliarization theory relates to the following key words, freshness, deautomize, tension, aesthetic distance. Defamiliarization theory was studied by many scholars at home and aboard and applied to many aspects of life, work and academic field. The application of defamiliarization in news headlines is a new filed and it will provide a new perspective for news readers.2.2 Previous Studies on Rhetoric Devices and DefamiliarizationMany people studied the relation between rhetoric devices and defamiliarization and it turns out that the employment of rhetoric devices is an important way of reaching the effect of defamiliarization. For example, Zhang Yunfeng (2002) studied how to reach the effect of defamiliarization when using language. He introduced three methods. The first is the use of vocabulary, such as using a familiar word in unusual context, creating new vocabulary, the combination of contradictory words. The second is the use of grammar. The third is the use of different rhetoric devices. Tan Xuechun (2004) studied relations between rhetoric devices and foreignization, conception and familiarization from the perspective of cognition. He thought that people cognize things through conception or rhetoric devices. Cognition through conception is based on logic and leads to familiarization, whereas cognition through rhetoric devices is based on aesthetic appreciation and leads to defamiliarization. The latter way of cognition helps people appreciate and feel things that can not be explained by logic. Some scholars emphasized the significance of rhetoric devices for defamiliarization in language and communication. Yu Yunhai (2006) pointed out that the essence of the employment of rhetoric devices in language communication is defamiliarization. He emphasized that the purpose of defamiliarization is not to make the content difficult to understand, but to provide people with a new perspective to feel the existence of things they ignored. Sun Yan (2016) thought that rhetoric device is a way of deconstructing language and reconstructing the cognition of language, which gives a sense of beauty to defamiliarization. She also thought that defamiliarization is the motivation of language evolution and rhetoric device is a way to change the outer form of language.There are also some scholars studied the relation between rhetoric devicesand defamiliarization in different fields such as English shop names, advertisement and novel titles. Gan Juan (2008) studied the rhetoric in English shop names from the perspective of defamiliarization. She discussed the relation between rhetoric devices and defamiliarization. Then she introduced the language structure of English shop names. She also introduced various rhetoric in English shop names. She thought that the use of rhetoric devices in English shop names gives customer a brand new feeling which makes them think those things they take for granted in a new way. Ou Xiaolin (2014) studied defamiliarization methods in advertisement. He thought that the effect of defamiliarization in advertisement can be reached from phonology, vocabulary and rhetoric devices. He illustrated his points by exemplification and concluded that the advertisement that is applied with defamiliarization will catch more attention from the audiences so that the sales volume will increase. Wu Huairen (2011) studied the rhetoric devices in novel titles as a way of defamilarization. He thought that the title of a novel is very important because it is served as a way to show imagination of the author and the use of defamiliarization in novel titles can meet readers expectation. He also introduced three ways to reach the effect of defamiliarization in novel titles, such as the use of single word, repetition, simile, metaphor.Although defamiliarization theory and rhetoric devices are used to analyze many interesting things in daily life, news headlines is still not a hot topic. News is quite often seen in life especially when we have easy access to Internet today. News titles are read more than news content, studying the news titles will help readers to improve their reading efficiency. Studying news titles from the perspective of defamiliarization will provide a new perspective for readers to look at news titles. 2.3 Previous Studies on Rhetoric Devices of English News HeadlinesThe employment of rhetoric devices in news headlines has always been a hot topic. Many people studied the rhetoric devices of news headlines from many different interesting perspectives.The features of news headlines and function of rhetoric devices in news headlines were studied by most people who did the study. Yang Weidong (2009) studied rhetorical features of English news headlines and he believed that English news headlines have their own features and function. The employment of rhetoric devices will make the news headlines more eye-catching, elegant and powerful. Liu Chi (2010) studied the relation between English news headlines and rhetoric devices. He discussed the basic features of rhetoric devices in news headlines. Then introduced various rhetoric devices in news headlines by exemplification. He also talked about the effect of rhetoric in news headlines and the rules to use rhetoric in news headlines. He concluded that the use of rhetoric devices in news headlines can make the news headlines more accurate, explicit, effective and vivid, which will also give a much deeper impression for readers. Zhou Rong (2012) studied the function of rhetoric devices in news headlines and various types of rhetoric devices. He concluded that the use of rhetoric devices in news headlines can make the information conveyed in a more effective way, but inappropriate use of rhetoric devices will make readers feel confused. Zhao Lili (2007) thought that the use of rhetoric devices in news headlines is a way of attracting readers attention. Rhetoric also makes news headlines more succinct.Some people studied rhetoric devices from different aspects and in different classifications. Some scholars chose to study news headlines of certain specific field. There are also some scholars made comparison and contrast of rhetoric devices in Chinese and English news headlines. For example, Yang Xiaohong (2001) studied the pragmatic value of the figures in news titles from the perspective of the rhetoric pragmatic function. The figures used in news titles was classified into four types in this paper: 1)the figures for emphasizing meaning; 2)the figures for stressing manner; 3)the figures for increasing imagery; 4)the figures for adding temperament and interest. Xu xiaoping (2013) studied the features of English news headlines with rhetoric devices from aspects of figure of similarity, figure of relationship, figure of emphasis and figure of sound. All the examples in her paper come from New York Times. Han Shugeng (2010) studied rhetoric devices in news headlines from the perspective of syntactical level. He studied function of rhetoric devices in different sentence patterns of news headlines such as long sentence and short sentence, subjective sentence and passive sentence, affirmative sentence and negative sentence. Gao Kuili (2009) studied rhetoric devices in sporting news headlines. She introduced commonly used rhetoric devices in sporting news headlines in the first part; then she compared different language styles of different types of newspaper in the second part; at last she studied cultural connotation of rhetoric devices in sporting news titles. Feng Xiuwen (2012) compared and contrasted rhetoric devices in Chinese news headlines and English news headlines and found some similarities and differences of them.Other interesting perspectives were also chosen to do the study on rhetoric devices and English news headlines. Dang Qunfang (2008) chose to do the study from the perspective of a student. She emphasized that the study of rhetoric devices in English news headlines can help students get to know the basic knowledge of rhetoric devices. Whats more, language ability and English news-reading ability can also be trained during the process. Chen Zhuo (2012) did the study from the perspective of a news writer. He studied the principle of using rhetoric devices in news headlines. He gave a lot of examples of online news headlines to show the inappropriate use of rhetoric devices in news headlines. He thought that online news often exaggerated the fact in news headlines to attract more attention. But when people click the headline, they only find that the content has nothing to do with the headline. He believed that the use of rhetoric devices in news headlines should follow some principles such as sticking to the truth, being flexible, being brief and short, being understandable and being formal.In the following study on rhetoric devices of English news headlines, the author will do the analysis of news headlines from the aspects of phonology, semantic and syntactic. Defamiliarization theory will also be applied to the analysis, which is served as a new perspective to see news headlines. 2.4 SummaryAlthough there are many studies on defamiliarization theory, rhetoric devices and defammiliarization, rhetoric devices of English news headlines, not so many studies on English news headlines from the perspective of defamiliarization are done. However, there are a lot of interesting elements in news headlines that makes readers feel novel and curious, so it is necessary to find out what are these elements and how do they work. The author will study English news headlines from a new perspective of defamiliarization,which will bring a brand new vision to the study of English news headlines.

3. 设计方案和技术路线

This paper studied the rhetoric devices of English news headlines from the perspective of defamiliarization, and the author will introduce previous studies on defamiliarization, rhetoric devices and news headlines, rhetoric devices and defamiliarization. An overview of rhetoric devices and English news headlines will also be given. Examples of English news headlines will be interpreted from the perspective of defamiliarization. Therefore, descriptive, illustrative and interpretive analysis will be employed as main methods in this paper.This paper includes five chapters. Chapter one is the introduction part which introduces the significance of the study, research questions, research methods and organization of this paper. Chapter two is literature review, which includes previous studies on defamiliarization at home and abroad, previous studies on rhetoric devices and defamiliarization, previous studies on rhetoric devices of English news headlines. Chapter three is overview of rhetoric devices and English news headlines. In the overview of rhetoric devices part, definition and classification of rhetoric devices will be introduced. Chapter four focuses on interpretation of defamiliarization of English news headlines with the employment of rhetoric devices. Phonological rhetoric, semantic rhetoric and syntactical rhetoric will be separately interpreted. Chapter five is conclusion part.

4. 工作计划

文献搜集与整理--写文献综述--整理出大纲--搜集实证--写论文

5. 难点与创新点

Although there are many studies on defamiliarization theory, rhetoric devices and defammiliarization, rhetoric devices of English news headlines, not so many studies on English news headlines from the perspective of defamiliarization are done. However, there are a lot of interesting elements in news headlines that makes readers feel novel and curious, so it is necessary to find out what are these elements and how do they work. The author will study English news headlines from a new perspective of defamiliarization,which will bring a brand new vision to the study of English news headlines.

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