成长之困局—从成长小说的角度解读《儿子与情人》Growing up in Adversity—An Interpretation of Sons and Lovers from the Perspective of Bildungsroma开题报告

 2023-04-06 09:06:18

1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）

1.1Research backgroundDavid Herbert Lawrence was one of the great modernist writers of the 20th century British literature. He produced many celebrated works throughout his life. His uniqueness lies in his ability to reflect objectively the repression and distortion of human nature by the industrial civilization of capitalism from a socially critical perspective. Witha turbulent and tumultuous life, Lawrence has undoubtedly etched his name in the annals of British literature. In addition to 10 full-length and novelettes, Lawrence also wrote numerous essays, travelogues, plays, literary criticism, a thousand poems and a four-volume collection of letters. But it was Lawrence's third full-length novel "Sons and Lovers" that really put him on the map and made him famous. Sons and Lovers always has been regarded by critics as a milestone in Lawrence's career, as well as a turning point in his artistic style. We might say that Sons and Lovers is an autobiography of the writer. Lawrence has had a difficult life and his work is often not well-understood by the public. His talent was recognized by some writers and critics of his time before his death. Forte, the famous novelist and critic, considered it remarkable that a young writer of twenty-six should be the author of such a masterpiece as Sons and Lovers. John Massey, in his preface to the 1902 edition of Sons and Lovers, noted, "This is a masterpiece of literature in every sense of the word... a masterpiece in the hands of an exceptional talent. Henry James was also a great admirer of Lawrence's early work. Sons and Lovers, Lawrence's highly acclaimed autobiographical novel, marked the beginning of a triumphant period for British modernism. The Sons and Lovers attracted a great deal of attention to the novel upon its release. This interest was ultimately due to the fact that people could see in Paul (the main character in Sons and Lovers) a reflection of their own upbringing. Whether they were lost, realized or on the road to self-realization, they all felt the power and necessity of self-realization in Paul. Paul leaves the mark of generations of young people, including Laurence's own, who have longed to grow up, to be free from their mothers' embrace, to escape from the cages of the world, and to be independent, instead of being subordinate to others. All these longings are undoubtedly natural survival instincts shared by human beings. This is the unique charm of a Bildungsroman, the main theme of Lawrence's work, and the great artistic value of Sons and Lovers.This paper examines Sons and Lovers from the perspective of the Bildungsroman, which originated in Germany and has become widespread in countries around the world. A Bildungsroman is a novel that depicts the inner psychological and outer behavioral changes that take place in the protagonist from early childhood to adulthood. A Bildungsroman is profoundly educational, as growth is a universal cultural phenomenon and a necessary life stage for individuals. As a special literary genre, Bildungsroman has a place in the field of literature. In the course of its literary development,Bildungsroman of young people as a literary genre first began in Germany in the second half of the eighteenth century. It focused on the psychological and moral development of the protagonist from youth to adulthood. In other words, it is a novel about the experiences of the protagonist as he grows up. Through the narrative of one or several people's experiences of growth, it reflects the process of change in the minds and psyches of the characters from infancy to maturity. Goethe's The Learning Days of Wilhelm Meister (1796) is a masterpiece of German bildungsroman, and this work is often referred to as the prototype for this type of novel. During the two world wars, the German bildungsroman declined as anti-German sentiment rose. In the mid-twentieth century, however, the genre flourished again in different variants. The German bildungsroman tells the story of young people who are naturally sensitive and grow up as they search for answers and experiences in life. These novels are characterized by an emphasis on the conflict between the protagonist and social values, which are gradually accepted by the protagonist, who eventually integrates into societyall of the protagonist's mistakes and disappointments dissipating at last. In some works, the protagonist is able to help others as he or she matures. Although the bildungsroman was born in Germany, it had a widespread influence on Britain and even on Europe. In 1824, Thomas Carlyle translated Goethe's The Learning Age of Wilhelm Meister into English and parodied it in his work New Cuts for Old Clothes. From then on, the English bildungsroman began to flourish. By the twentieth century, the novel, still popular with ladies and a few writers had spread to various countries around the world. In the German bildungsroman, the protagonist's naivety leads to uncertainty about the future, causing him or her to make constant mistakes as he or she grows up, while in the English bildungsroman, the remote countryside hinders the protagonist's imagination and paternalism, represented by the father, prevents him or her from realizing his or her ambitions. These differences herald the arrival of the American bildungsroman, and in this sense the British bildungsroman can be said to be a bridge between the German educational novel and its American variant. The bildungsroman dominated the United States and became an essential part of American literature. With generations of young people struggling to find themselves and their place in society,America is a young nation that has never stopped searching for its identity. The growth of young people has long been a focus of American literature, with each historical period producing a wealth of works depicting the growing pains and hardships of young people. The plot of the novels often change in some way, however, even though each individual story is different, it still includes certain basic components. Any bildungsroman will include more than two or three main ingredients childhood, the generation gap, the isolated township, the larger place, alienation, the torment of love, the search for a career and a philosophy of life.Sons and Lovers is a classic of British bildungsroman. It mainly illustrates the complexity and uniqueness of the relationship between young peoples adolescence and society, family and parents, and between the sexes, through the narrative of Paul's growth from dependence to independence, from lack of self to self-realization. Sons and Lovers is also an autobiographical novel in which the author, Lawrence, painstakingly recalls his own upbringing and attempts to redeem himself by retracing the footsteps of the main character, Paul, in his search for himself.1.2 Need of the studyFew scholars at home and abroad have studied Sons and Lovers from the perspective of a bildungsroman. This paper will analyze the novel from the perspective of a bildungsroman, and analyze the characters from three aspects: love, occupation and identity, in order to reveal the process of the main character's physical and psychological transformation from childishness to maturity after experiencing frustration and pain.The innovation of this paper is to analyse Sons and Lovers from the perspective of a bildungsroman. The significance of this paper is to enrich the study of this novel and thus broaden the study of a bildungsroman, which is of great importance to the development of young peoples today.1.3 Research purposesGrowth, as a universal cultural phenomenon in human life and an important experience for individual human beings, provides a vast space for literary creation and has become a constant theme in literature. Bildungsroman focuses on the growth process of young people, and therefore "change" is particularly important. The changing nature of the growing subject is a sign of social change, and people's perceptions of it change with the transfoemation of society. Since young people are our future, we have hopes for them and care about them for our own sake and for the sake of the world. A novel about growth with young people at its centre is bound to reflect the writer's feelings and attitudes towards them and society, to reflect some of the deepest flows of social life, and to use them to gain insight into social change, to care for human development, to reproduce artistically the relationship between people and society, and to bring people many inspirations. The Son and the Lover is a typical bildungsroman. Studying it from the perspective of a bildungsroman reflects the expectations of the parents and young people in society at the time of the protagonist, highlighting the "sin of ignorance" and the virtues of young people. By reading and analyzing the characters in Sons and Lovers, we can understand the social context of the time and the social norms of young people, and get a glimpse of the changing expectations of adults for young people. It is therefore necessary and meaningful to study Sons and Lovers from the perspective of the bildungsroman, both in terms of its importance to young people and its artistic and social value.2.Literature reviewD.H. Lawrence was a unique and controversial British modernist writer who left his readers with numerous literary works during his twenty-year career. Sons and Loversh as received a lot of attention since its release, and many critics have already interpreted it from different perspectives. Firstly, from the perspective of thedescriptionofmain characters, Ge (2014) believes that this novel is not only a vivid description of words, but also a fine piece of psychological depiction. He argues that in this novel the author shows us the family trivialities, especially the two main characters, Paul and his mother, through the elaborate weaving of characters due to their intricate relationships and psychological conflicts. As the novel itself shows, Lawrence is not only a writer, he is also a psychologist. Not only does he explore human nature, but he also complains about the damage done to nature by industrial civilization. Secondly, from the point of view of narrative and creative structure, Du (2015) believes that the work contains two perspectives, whether the author chooses Paul's mother or Paul himself, which is particularly important for the development of the story and the connotation of the text. She argues that the author uses both perspectives to express his own journey, and that through this work he shows the important events of his life and his nostalgia for his relatives, which can be seen in the 'Mrs. Morel' interlude as we read the novel. It is this emotional innovation that has made Sons and Lovers such a highly influential and artistically appealing work. Mou (2015) argues that throughout Sons and Lovers, the narrative of Paul's mother is always present in proportion to the hardships Paul endures during his growth. However, it is the presence of this very strong rhythmic narrative that creates a paradoxical meaning in the narrative structure and the main theme of the work, and it also has a very good aesthetic effect in expressing the theme of the work. Although the death of his mother causes Paul deep pain and remorse, the influence of Paul's mother diminishes day by day as Paul grows up. Living alone away from her, Paul gradually grows up with a mind and voice of his own. Finally, from a feminist perspective, Guo (2013) argues that from the feminist perspective Paul's motherMadame Morel, his first loverMiriam, and his second lover Clara, are respectively Paul's motherly, spiritual and sexual advocates. Motherhood completes Paul's soul, spiritual love ensures Paul's creative energy, and sexuality satisfies Paul's physical needs. They are resigned to their fate and have a certain sense of resistance, but due to their own narrow understanding and the influence of a patriarchal society, they have limitations in their thinking and therefore make repeated mistakes in their relationships with men. Han (2011) argues that eco-feminism reasserts the significance of women and nature in literary texts. Lawrence coincides with the ecologists' views. Women have a greater responsibility and desire to end the status quo of human domination of natureto heal themselves of the estrangement between human and non-human nature, which is the ultimate goal of the ecological movement. In the face of today's deteriorating ecological environment of the earth, rereading Lawrence's Sons and Lovers is undoubtedly of great relevance and educational significance for us to establish good ecological behaviour, build a new type of healthy system between man and nature and between man and man, and construct a harmonious ecological environment. Vaishali Jaswal (2017) assumes that men have long been associated with dominance, strength and confidence and the issue regarding concerning the obedience to the acceptable masculine ideal ,havingalways been part of a cultures social identity. This study focuses on the critical discussion on masculinity studies in the classic fiction of D.H Lawrence. More specifically, the analysis focuses on how the male character aligns himself with theauthoritarian philosophy of tough masculinity. Angelina Subrayan , Wan Roselezam and Wan Yahya(2016) suggest that David Herbert Lawrence portrays a complex husband-wife, mother-son, and man-woman relationship in his novelSons and Lovers. This article studied the relational motifs of the major character Paul Morel with other characters and the dire upshot resulting from this relation. The study found that Paul strove for happiness through the concerted entertainment of body and soul with his beloved people, but he failed because his mothers unusual attachment to him negatively impacted on the way he builds up a normal relation with others. Eventually, Mothers death made him hopeless and left his life in nothingness. Nesar Uddin (2013) thinks that this paper aims at analyzing D.H. Lawrences Sons and Lovers using a stylistic approach. In our analysis ofSons and Lovers the resources of language: lexis, syntax, phonology, figurative language, cohesion and coherence, are discussed in relation to the style of discourse in order to explore hidden meanings in the text. The resources of language are shown to be an essential part of the meaning of the novel. Nozar Niazi (2013) thinks that this study tries to read the text in the light of other social forces that manipulated and shaped the identity of society in the twentieth century such as the interwoven clash between the materialistic and social identities within the fabric of the English society and how these forces played a key role in identity of the novel. Korucu Arzu maintains (2018) that D. H. Lawrences Sons and Lovers has sparkling characters like Gertrude, William and Paul each of whom experiences traumatic events. In this study, it is aimed to display and to examine the tragic but persevering efforts of the characters in the work to cope with the trauma in their own way.However, the subject of bildungsroman is not frequently discussed as a specific literary approach in China. By analyzing the main character in terms of love, career and identity, it can be seen that Sons and Lovers is a typical bildungsroman. The significance of this paper is to enrich the study of this novel and thus broaden the study of a bildungsroman, which is of great importance to the development of young people today.ReferencesBeddow, M. (1982). The Fiction of Humanity: Studies in the Bildungsroman from Wieland to Thomas Mann. Cambridge: Cambridge U P.Boes, T. (2008). Apprenticeship of the Novel: The Bildungsroman and the Invention of History, ca, 1770-1820. Comparative Literature Studies, 45(3), 269-88.Boyle,B. (2011). "The Bildungsroman after McDowell: Mind, World, and Moral Education." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 173-84.Bradford, R. (2007).The Novel Now: Contemporary British Fiction. Blackwell Publishing.Bradford, R. (2007).The Novel Now: Contemporary British Fiction. Blackwell Publishing.Cinpoes, N. (2008). Foreword. A History of the Bildungsroman: From Ancient Beginnings to Romaticim by Peru Golban, Cambidge Scolar Pubihingg, p viix.Feng, P. (1998).The Female Bildungsroman by Toni Morrison and Maxine Hong Kingston: A Postmodern Reading. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc.Golban, P. (2018).A History of the Bildungsroman: From Ancient Beginnings to Romanticism. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Golman,S. A. (1990).Starting Over: The Task of the Protagonist in the Contemporary Bildungsromam. New York: Graland Publishing.Harrison, A. (2005)."Introduction."D. H. Lawrence's Sons and Lovers: A Casebook. Eds.J. Worthen A. Harrison (Eds.). New York: Oxford University Press, s Inc.,3-26.Jeffers,T. L. (2005). Apprenticeships: The Bildungsroman from Goethe to Santayana. Palgrave Macmillan.Jost,F."Variations of a Sprcies: The 'Bildungroman'." Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism (vol.20). Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1989.101--08.Milne, D. (2001). "Lawrence and the Politics of Sexual Politics." The Cambridge Companion to D.H.Lawrence.Cambridge UP,197-215.Moretti, F. (2000). The Way of the World: The Bildungsroman in European Culture. Verso.Redfield, M. (2009). "The Bildungsroman." The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 191-94.Seelow, David." D.H. Lawrece."The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature (vol.3). Ed. David Scott Kastan. Oxford UP, Inc.,2006.237-48.Sheehan, Paul. Merdernism, Narrative, and Humanism. Cambridge UP, 2002.Slaughter, Joseph R." Enabling Fiction and Novel Subjects: The Bildungroman and International Human Rights Laq."PMLA.vol121.no.5, 2006, pp.1405-23.戴赫劳伦斯（1987），《儿子与情人》，陈良延、刘文澜译，外国文学出版社。

杜颖（2015），劳伦斯《儿子与情人》的叙事与创作结构，《语文建设》，26：40-41。

郭向宇（2013），女性主义视角下对《儿子与情人》的解读，《语文建设》，26：25-26。

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2. 研究的基本内容、问题解决措施及方案

This article examines Sons and Lovers from the perspective of Bildungsroman. The Bildungsroman has long been the concentration of western literature. Growth, the ever-lasting theme in literature, attracts more and more critics attentions, which have rich connotations. Adolescence is a peculiar transitional period between these two stages, which is a period of rapid changephysical, physiological, and social and a time when all samenss and continuities relied on earlier are more or less questioned again. In todays modern soc iety, the fast development of materials and capitals could not alleviate the problems of adolescents. Many young people feel perplexed when facing achievements of high-technology, such as the indulgence in the cyber world and digital games, the clumsiness or awkwardness in face-to-face communication but familiarity in on-line chatting and indifference to other peoples feelings only caring about themselves. All those negative factors hinder the young people stepping into the mainstream society smoothly and successfully. Young people place increasing value on friends and family in the process of growing up. Their culture and social world are but a microcosm within the wider society, but there is a gap between the microcosmic world of young people in transition and the macrocosmic world of mainstream society. The task of growth is to bridge that gap and step into the mainstream society.Therefore, this thesis focuses on the analysis of characters in terms of love, occupation and identity, and explores the role played by these three aspects in the growth of the main character. This article analyzes the main character in terms of love, career and identity, it can be seen that Sons and Lovers is a typical bildungsroman. The innovation of this paper is to analyse Sons and Lovers from the perspective of a bildungsroman. The significance of this paper is to enrich the study of this novel and thus broaden the study of a bildungsroman, which is of great importance to the development of young people today. It is necessary and meaningful to study Sons and Lovers from the perspective of the bildungsroman, both in terms of its importance to young people and in terms of its artistic and social value.

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